An in vitro study of temperature variation of super-pulsed thulium fiber laser in ureter / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 The thermal effects of super-pulsed thulium fiber laser (TFL) at different powers,lithotripsy modes and irrigation rates were studied using a 3D kidney model to simulate ureteral lithotripsy in vivo. 【Methods】 A thermal effect model was established in vitro. Under the same conditions of laboratory temperature and equipment,the temperature around the optical fiber was measured and compared when different optical fiber diameters,powers,lithotripsy modes and irrigation rates were used to simulate lithotripsy by TFL. 【Results】 There was significant difference in the temperature around the optical fiber caused by two fibers with different diameters under the same conditions (P<0.05). Under the same conditions,different lithotripsic modes produced different temperatures,and the temperature of "high energy and low frequency" was lower than that of "low energy and high frequency" (P<0.05). When the power was 10 W and the minimum irrigation rate was 10 mL/min,the plateau temperature did not reach the safety threshold (43 ℃). When the power was 20 W and the minimum irrigation rate was 10 mL/min,the platform temperature exceeded the safety threshold. When the irrigation rate was 20 mL/min,the platform temperature did not reach the safety threshold. 【Conclusion】 In the study of ureteral lithotripsy in vitro,the power,mode,irrigation rate and optical fiber diameter are factors affecting the thermal effects of TFL. No matter what kind of lithotripsy mode and fiber diameter,the temperature around the fiber is safe when the lithotripsy power is ≤10 W and the irrigation rate is ≥10 mL/min;when the lithotripsy power is ≤20 W and the irrigation rate is ≥20 mL/min,the temperature around the fiber is safe.

Comparison of temperature rise curve and steady state temperature during thulium and holmium laser lithotripsy / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To compare the temperature rise curve and steady-state temperature of thulium and holmium laser in lithotripsy.Methods:This study was conducted from November to December 2021. Firstly, we designed an experimental water tank(10 cm×10 cm×10 cm) that can carry out constant temperature water bath, with a 8ml simulated renal pelvis, and can carry out constant velocity perfusion in the simulated renal pelvis. A 1 cm×1 cm×1 cm cubic artificial stone was placed in the simulated renal pelvis to perform 36.5℃-37.5 ℃ water bath. The simulated renal pelvis was closed with an oak plug, the temperature measuring probe and flexible ureteroscope were placed through the hole on the oak plug and entered into the simulated renal pelvis. Flexible ureteroscope was carried out by urologists. The lithotripsy lasted a total of 180 seconds for thulium and holmium laser respectively under different parameter settings (10 Hz×1.0 J, 10 Hz×2.0 J, 10 Hz×3.0 J, 20 Hz×0.5 J, 20 Hz×1.0 J, 20 Hz×1.5 J, the corresponding gravel power is 10 W, 20 W and 30 W respectively), the constant speed water pump flow rate was separate as the high flow rate group (35 ml/min) and low flow rate group (15ml/min), and leave a temperature probe 5mm around the optical fiber. Water temperature change during the lithotripsy was recorded by probes, the average of 10 temperature values of two probes measured every 5 seconds was taken as the water temperature value of this period, with a total of 216 time points in 6 parameter settings. Under the same parameter settings, the temperature of two lasers at each time point was plotted and compared to form the corresponding temperature rise curve. The average temperature in the last 30 seconds during lithotripsy in the record was used as the steady-state temperature, which of thulium and holmium laser lithotripsy was compared under the same parameter setting and the same water flow velocity. Finally, 43℃ was taken as the safety threshold temperature to evaluate whether the temperature of the two lasers during lithotripsy exceeds the safety threshold.Results:According to the temperature rise curve, the water temperature of thulium laser during lithotripsy was higher than that of holmium laser at 77.7% (168/216)of time points. At the flow rate of 15 ml/min, thulium laser was significantly higher than that of holmium laser at 10 Hz×1.0 J[(32.43±2.19℃)vs. (30.99±0.90)℃, P<0.01], 10 Hz×2.0 J[(41.21±3.30℃) vs. (38.13±1.26)℃, P<0.01], 10 Hz×3.0 J[(49.54±2.44)℃vs. (44.91±0.65)℃, P<0.01], 20 Hz×0.5 J[(32.75±1.41)℃vs. (30.84±1.16)℃, P<0.01], 20 Hz×1.0 J[(41.67±1.76)℃vs. (37.51±1.25)℃, P<0.01], 20 Hz×1.5 J [(47.54 ± 3.48)℃vs. (46.12±1.04)℃, P<0.01]. At the flow rate of 35 ml/min, the thulium laser was significantly higher than that of holmium laser at 10 Hz×1.0 J[(28.01±0.57)℃ vs. (26.84±0.97)℃, P<0.01], 10 Hz×2.0 J[(31.31±1.07)℃vs.(30.41±1.39)℃, P<0.01], 10 Hz×3.0 J[(33.29±0.70)℃vs.(32.25±2.55)℃, P<0.01], 20 Hz×0.5 J[(28.36±0.99)℃vs.(26.22±0.66)℃, P<0.01], 20 Hz×1.0 J [(30.80±2.06)℃vs.(30.08±0.78)℃, P=0.012], and the steady-state temperature was not significant different between two laser at 20 Hz×1.5 J [(34.54±3.08)℃ and(33.93±1.49)℃, P=0.163]. In the low flow rate group, thulium laser at 10 Hz×1.0 J, 10 Hz×2.0 J, 20 Hz×0.5 J and 20 Hz×1.0 J does not exceed the safety threshold temperature, while in the high flow rate group, any combination of laser parameters of the two lasers does not exceed the safety threshold temperature. Conclusion:Under the same laser parameter setting and flow rate, the thermal eff of thulium laser is more obvious. When using thulium laser for lithotripsy, the flow rate in the process of lithotripsy being faster than that of holmium laser with the same laser setting should be ensured to avoid tissue damage.

Influence of thermal effect on filling effect of bioceramic paste in different parts of root canal / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To study the effect of thermal effect on the filling effect of bioceramic paste combined with thermal gel gutta-percha vertical obturation method in different parts of root canal.Methods:Forty single-root canal teeth samples were randomly and randomized divided into the control group, the iRoot SP group, the 10 s group and the 20 s group. All tooth samples were root canal prepared to 0.04 taper after crown removal. The control group received AH-plus paste combined with thermal gel gutta-percha vertical obturation. The iRoot SP group received iRoot SP single-point filling. The 10 s group and 20 s group received iRoot SP single-point filling combined with thermal gel gutta-percha vertical obturation, in which the root canal of the two groups were heated at 180 °C for 10 s and 20 s, respectively, before using the thermosetting gutta-percha. Methylene blue staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and dental microscope observation were used to analyze the occurrence of gaps in the middle and upper segment of the root canal and the apical 1/3 of the root canal after filling.Results:For the filling in the apical 1/3 of the root canal, no obvious gap appeared in the 10 s group and the 20 s group, and there was no significant difference between the dye infection depth and the control group (all P>0.05). For the filling of the middle and upper segment of the root canal, the probability of porosity is higher when using iRoot SP combined with single-point filling. Conclusions:Short-term high temperature heating will not affect the sealing effect of iRoot SP on the apical 1/3 of the root canal. For the middle and upper segment of the root canal, the filling effect of iRoot SP single-point filling combined with thermal gel gutta-percha vertical obturation method is better than that of iRoot SP single-point filling.

Embryonic and larval development is conditioned by water temperature and maternal origin of eggs in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Introduction: Embryonic and larval development in sea urchins is highly dependent on maternal nutritional status and on the environmental conditions of the seawater. Objective: To compare the development of Arbacia dufresnii in two different water temperatures and in progeny with varying maternal origins. Methods: We induced A. dufresnii females and males from Nuevo Gulf to spawn, collected the eggs of each female individually (progeny), separated them into two seawater temperatures (12 and 17 °C), and fertilized them. We recorded the percentage of fertilized eggs and embryos per developmental stage according to time, temperature and progeny. We measured larval growth by total length (TL) and midline body length (M) according to time post fecundation (DPF), temperature, and progeny. Results: Temperature did not affect fertilization, but embryo development was faster and more synchronized in the high temperature treatment. The generalized linear models indicate that embryo development depends on a quadruple interaction between the embryonic stage, time (h), seawater temperature and progeny. Larval growth was faster, producing larger larvae at the highest temperature. Larval growth depends on a triple interaction between time (DPF), seawater temperature and progeny. Conclusions: We found a temperature and progeny impact during embryonic and larval development and, in both cases, these factors generate a synergistic effect on developmental timing and larval size. This probably provides a survival advantage as a more rapid speed of development implies a decrease in the time spent in the water column, where the sea urchins are vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stressors.

Introducción: El desarrollo embrionario y larvario de los erizos de mar depende en gran medida del estado nutricional materno y de las condiciones ambientales del agua de mar. Objetivo: Comparar el desarrollo de Arbacia dufresnii en dos temperaturas de agua diferentes y en progenies con diferentes orígenes maternos. Métodos: Indujimos a las hembras y machos de A. dufresnii del Golfo Nuevo a desovar, recolectamos los huevos de cada hembra individualmente (progenie), los separamos en dos temperaturas de agua de mar (12 y 17 ° C) y los fertilizamos. Registramos el porcentaje de óvulos fecundados y el porcentaje de embriones por etapa de desarrollo según tiempo, temperatura y descendencia. Medimos el crecimiento larvario según la longitud total (TL) y la longitud corporal de la línea media (M) de acuerdo con el tiempo en días post fecundación, la temperatura y la progenie. Resultados: La temperatura no afectó la fertilización, pero el desarrollo del embrión fue más rápido y más sincronizado en el tratamiento de alta temperatura. Los modelos lineales generalizados indican que el desarrollo del embrión depende una interacción cuádruple entre el estadio embrionario, el tiempo (h), la temperatura del agua de mar y la progenie. El crecimiento larvario fue más rápido, produciendo larvas más grandes a la temperatura más alta. El crecimiento de las larvas depende de una triple interacción entre el tiempo (DPF), la temperatura del agua de mar y la progenie. Conclusiones: Encontramos un impacto en la temperatura y en la progenie durante el desarrollo embrionario y larvario y, en ambos casos, estos factores generaron un efecto sinérgico sobre el tiempo de desarrollo y el tamaño de las larvas. Esto probablemente proporciona una ventaja de supervivencia, ya que una velocidad de desarrollo más rápida implica una disminución en el tiempo que pasan en la columna de agua, donde los erizos de mar son vulnerables a los factores estresantes bióticos y abióticos.

Prenatal Heating Effects of Ultrasound: A Review

@#The application of ultrasound technology has been widely accepted in clinical settings, particularly in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. This is in light of its ability to detect early foetal malformations apart from enabling foetal monitoring throughout gestation. While ultrasonography is an imaging method that is regularly used in Obstetrics, it is questionable as to whether it is safe for foetuses. The purpose of this paper was to review the evidence regarding the thermal effects of ultrasound exposure on foetal development, particularly. It is hoped that the importance of prudent usage of prenatal ultrasonography will be impressed on clinicians and the public in order to avoid the unnecessary usage of ultrasonography when it is not medically indicated. This is so that the welfare of pregnant women will be looked after, besides contributing to the better health of the next generation by ensuring that the benefits outweigh the known risks or potential harms.

Design and development of matrix solar radiation simulation system / 军事医学

Objective To design a set of matrix solar radiation simulation ,that can be used to study the thermal comfort of armored vehicles.Methods With xenon lamps as the light source , the lifting matrix lamp array controlled by the computer was used to test the whole vehicles .Results The system could irradiate the top , the left and right sides of the armored vehicle, and the intensity of irradiation ranged from 200 to 1200 W/m2 in order to adapt to vehicles of different sizes and heights.Conclusion The system can meet the needs of solar simulation experiments of different armored vehicles.

Design and development of matrix solar radiation simulation system / 军事医学

Objective To design a set of matrix solar radiation simulation ,that can be used to study the thermal comfort of armored vehicles.Methods With xenon lamps as the light source , the lifting matrix lamp array controlled by the computer was used to test the whole vehicles .Results The system could irradiate the top , the left and right sides of the armored vehicle, and the intensity of irradiation ranged from 200 to 1200 W/m2 in order to adapt to vehicles of different sizes and heights.Conclusion The system can meet the needs of solar simulation experiments of different armored vehicles.

Numerical model of shear module of alginate micro-beads under ultrasonic thermal effect / 军事医学

Objective To establish a numerical model of the shear module of alginate beads stimulated by ultrasonic sound.Methods The compression ratio and force of alginate beads were recorded with the compression test .The shear module of beads was measured with a Hertz model .When to alginate beads were stimulated ultrasonically for different durations , the ultrasonic stimulation power , ultrasonic pulse ratio , and changes in the shear module and solution temperature were measured.Results Temperatures in the solution and shear module of alginate beads increased under different ultrasonic stimulation conditions .Modeling analysis revealed the relationship between the shear module of alginate beads and the corresponding temperature .The shear module of beads was in a quadratic equation with temperature (20℃

Efecto del tratamiento térmico sobre la composición química y minerales en semillas de lupinos silvestres / Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and minerals of wild lupin seeds

Wild lupine consumption has restrictions due to the presence of alkaloids; however, these components can be reduced with a suitable thermal treatment. The aim of this research was to determine the thermal effect on chemical composition and minerals of wild lupine. Lupinus mexicanus had a reduction in protein and fat contents of 34.76 to 33.11 and 6.10 to 5.41 g/100 g of sample respectively, and an increase in ash and dietary fiber of 3.84 to 4.53 g/100 g and 20.9 to 28.48 g/100 g respectively. L. mexicanus raw seeds revealed the highest Ca content (3,252 mg/kg), L. elegans was the highest in Mg with 2,656 mg/kg. Highest Fe content was found in Lupinus rotundiflorus (82.8 mg/kg), and Lupinus exaltatus in Cu (184.4 mg/kg). All species showed similar Zn content of 73.3 mg/kg (Lupinus montanus) to 89.6 mg/kg (L. exaltatus). In all species the Cu content decreased, mainly in Lupinus elegans with a loss of 76,71 %.

El consumo de lupinos silvestres se limita por la presencia de alcaloides, sin embargo se pueden reducir con un tratamiento térmico adecuado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto térmico sobre la composición química y de minerales de lupinos. En Lupinus mexicanus se observó una reducción en proteínas y grasas de 34,76 a 33,11 g/100 g y de 6,10 a 5,41 g/100 g respectivamente, un incremento de cenizas y fibra dietaria de 3,84 a 4,53 y de 20,9 a 28,48 g/100 g. La semilla cruda de L. mexicanus reveló el más alto contenido de Ca (3252,6 mg/kg), Lupinus elegans en Mg con 2656,4 mg/kg, mientras que Lupinus rotundiflorus fue de Fe (82,8 mg/kg) y Lupinus exaltatus en Cu (184,4 mg/kg). Todas las especies mostraron similar contenido de Zn de 73,3 (L. montanus) to 89,6 mg/kg (L. exaltatus). En todas las especies disminuyó el Cu, principalmente en L. elegans con una pérdida del 76,71 %.

The mechanism of non-thermal effect of 2.45 GHz microwave on HeLa cell apoptosis / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave on the apoptosis of HeLa cells and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods HeLa cells were divided into five groups randomly:control group,sham-irradiation group,and three irradiation groups exposed with 10,15 and 20 mW/cm2 2.45 GHz microwave for 10 min.Cell survival was tested by MTT assay,cell nucleus fashion was observed by a laser scanning confocal microscope,cell cycle distribution was measured by flow cytometry,and cell protein expressions were detected by Western blot.Results The cell survival in control group,shamirradiation group and low dose irradiation group had no difference but it became lower in the middle and high dose irradiated group(t =-16.47,-14.23,P ＜ 0.05).The abnormal rates of nuclear fashion in the low,middle and high dose irradiation groups were obviously higher compared with control group (t =9.37,11.25,8.47,P ＜ 0.05),while high dose irradiation group was higher than the low and middle dose group (t =15.32,10.25,P ＜0.05).The rate of HeLa cells in sub-G1 in the irradiation groups were higher than that in control group (t =15.24,22.31,10.69,P ＜ 0.05).The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 in irradiation groups was significantly increased,and the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased.Conclusions 2.45 GHz microwave can induce HeLa cells apoptosis with a positive correlation with microwave dose.

Effect of Microwave Radiation on Growth, Enzyme Activity (Amylase and Pectinase), and/or Exopolysaccharide Production in Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Xanthomonas campestris and Pectobacterium carotovora.

Aim: To investigate effect of microwave (MW) radiation on bacterial growth, enzyme activity (amylase and pectinase), and exopolysaccharide production. Study Design: The study was designed to investigate effect of MW radiation on bacterial growth, enzyme activity, and exopolysaccharide production. Particularly the non-thermal effects were focused. Thermal effects were avoided (minimized) by keeping the bacterial suspension in ice while exposing to MW radiation. Place and Duration of Study: Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India, between November 2012 and May 2013. Methodology: The present study investigated the effect of MW (90 W) radiation on bacterial growth, enzyme activity (amylase and pectinase), and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. Test parameters viz. growth, enzyme activity, and EPS production of populations originated from MW treated cells were compared to those originated from untreated control. Thermal effects of MW radiation were avoided (minimized) by placing inoculum vial(s) in a ice containing beaker during MW exposure. Results: MW treatment was found to be capable of altering bacterial growth, enzyme activity, and EPS production significantly. Amylase activity in B. subtilis suffered a heavy loss of 67.43% (P<0.01) following 6 min MW exposure. Pectinase activity in MW treated (4 min duration) B. subtilis was 169.92 times higher (P<0.01) than that of control. MW treatment for 4 min and 6 min duration were able to induce EPS production in Xanthomonas campestris by 46.15% (P<0.01) and 53.84% (P<0.05) respectively. Conclusion: MW treatment was found to alter growth, enzyme activity, and EPS production significantly in the test bacteria. This study positively suggests existence of nonthermal effects of MW radiation on biological entities. Further investigation on mode of action of these MW specific athermal effects, and on their genetic stability are warranted.

Pathological changes of acute lung injury in mice acute irradiated with high power millimeter wave / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of acute irradiation by high power millimeter wave on the pathological changes of mouse lung tissue. Methods The BALB/c mice were vertically placed under the high power millimeter wave equipment with working frequency of 34. 1 GHz, and the mean output power were 5,10 and 12 W while the distance between the animal and the bottom of the irradiation horn were 10 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The mice were tied on the platform and continuously received irradiation until death. After immediate dissection, the mouse lung was quickly rinsed with 0.9% NaCl solution, fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and mounted for paraffin section. After HE staining and image taken with a CCD camera, the Image Pro Plus software and quantitative image analysis by combining the mean optical density and area was used to determine the pathological injuries of the lung. Result Using the HA23. 16 and HA9. 92 pyramid horns with different physical parameter, the mice exposed to irradiation with high mean power of 12 W were dead most quickly, the death time was only about 110 s. Meanwhile, the death time was about 30 min after irradiation with the mean power of 5 W. There was significant hemorrhage in the mouse lung with high power millimeter irradiation, although the hemorrhage degree was different under different irradiation parameters. When the mean power were 10 and 12 W.the hemorrhage degree of lung was extremely high, where the bronchia and blood vessel of lung was markedly broken. A lot of cells of bronchia had been released. However, when the mean power was 5 W, the hemorrhage degree of lung was less observed, while the bronchia and blood vessels had not severe fracture. Conclusions High power millimeter wave wave irradiation has remarkable effect on mice lung. The damage degree of lung tissue is highly correlated with the mean power of millimeter wave irradiation. As the high power millimeter used in this study could result in significant thermal effect, the acute heat-induced response might lead to animal death by causing serious lung injury.

Quantitative Measurement of Blood Glucose Disposition Rate by Intravenous Glucose Infusion and the Effects of Warm Water Bathing / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

 Blood glucose disposition rate after intravenous glucose infusion is considered to reflect mainly the rate of cellular glucose uptake, the rate of glucose degradation process and gluconeogenesis. excluding the influense of glucose absorption. <br> When it is hypothesized that the elevated blood glucose is disposed by constant rate (one-compartment theory), the following formula will be realized.<br> Ct = A (1— k)^t   Ct = blood glucose level at t-minutes after infusion<br>            A = initial glucose level after infusion<br>            k = constant glucose disposition index / min<br> log Ct = log A (1—k) ^t= log A + t log (1 — k)<br> This formula demonstrates that logarithm of blood glucose concentration (Ct) is a one-dimensional (linear) function of time t with a slope log (1 — k), and blood glucose disposition index k can be calculated from this slope.<br> To examine the validity of this hypothesis, 1.5 ml / kg of 20% glucose (0.3g / kg) was infused at rest within 3 minutes into an antecubital vein and plasma glucose was determinned at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 min after the cessation of infusion.<br> In 10 healthy subjects, linear regression coefficient between logarithm of plasma glucose and time t was significantly higher (r= 0.992 ± 0.006, p<0.001) during 5 to 40 min. Calculated k index ranged from 0.78 to 4.54% / min and the correlation between the 1st and the 2nd measurements (n=5) within a week was also significantly high (0.92±0.06, p<0.01). These results highly support the validity of basic formula (one-compartment theory) and practical procedure to measure k index.<br> The effects of warm water bathing (42 C, 10min) was examined in 7 subjects keeping warmth by blankets. After bathing, k value remained in nearly the same in 4 subjects, decreased in 2 and increased in 1. Although more detailed studies are needed, the effect of single bathing on glucose disposition seems to be not so significant.

Preparation of Electrophoretic Microcolumn Packed with Quartz Microncrystal and Its Application to Electrophoretic Separation / 分析化学

The preparation of electrophoretic microcolumn and its application to the electrophoretic separation of amino acids with a 2-mm I.D. fused-silica microcolumn packed with uniform quartz microncrystal prepared by hydrothermal synthesis are reported. With 1.5 mmol/L disodium phosphate buffer solution (pH 11.5) containing 30% (V/V) methanol, the tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine were separated by the microcolumn electrophoresis and detected by an UV spectrophotometer without derivatization. The limits of detection were 0.038, 0.21 and 0.20 mol/L, respectively. The separation efficiency of tryptophan was 4.4×104 plates/m. The sample capacity of the electrophoretic microcolumn achieved 35 μL. The precisions of the microcolumn electrophoresis were satisfactory. The thermal effects of the electrophoretic microcolumn that without packing, packed with 360 μm quartz sand and with 9 μm length quartz microncrystal were discussed, respectively. It was found that the electrophoretic microcolumn packed with quartz microncrystal was able to inhibit Joule heat, increase sample capacity and enhance detection sensitivity. The microcolumn electrophoresis is one of the high-performance separation techniques for an in-situ, real-time and portable electrokinetic flow analysis system.

Is Diagnostic Ultrasound Harmful to the Fetus?

Ultrasound is the most important diagnostic modality in modern obstetrics. Theoretically, it may induce adverse effects in fetuses by either thermal or non-thermal effects. Hyperthermia is a recognized teratogen in animals. However, no confirmed bioeffects caused by exposure at intensities of present diagnostic ultrasound have ever been reported in human fetuses and the benefits of ultrasound overweigh the possible adverse bioeffects. The knowledge and skills of the users are a major determinant of the risk/benefit implications of the use of ultrasound. All users should understand the possible potential risks and receive specialized training in fetal ultrasound imaging. Recently, the use of new modalities such as Doppler and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound has increased. There are few studies regarding the safety of 3D ultrasound despite rapidly increasing medical and commercial use. It is unacceptable to perform the ultrasound imaging of the fetus for non-medical purposes.

Contra-lateral Thermal Effect of Used Hyperthermia in Body Part and Research on Body Composition / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

This research verified changes in composition in various parts of the body caused by conductive heat and the influence of the body composition on the effect of the contra-lateral thermal reaction in order to clarify factors for improving the effect of local bathing. The body composition was investigated by means of Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. The percentage of fat was 14.23±2.40% in men and 29.60±7.66% in women, indicating a higher percentage in women than in men (p<0.01). The volume of body fluids in lower limbs was 6.46±0.83<i>l</i> in the right limb and 6.39±0.86<i>l</i> in the left limb of men, and 4.78±0.49<i>l</i> in the right limb and 4.78±0.49<i>l</i> in the left limb of women, indicating a higher value in men than in women (both p<0.01). During each bathing, the volume of body fluids on the surface, in deep part 1 and deep part 2 of men reached a maximum earlier than that of women.<br>Conclusions: 1) In bathing using external conductive heat, sebaceous is a large factor for changes in temperature both on the surface and in deep parts. 2) In bathing part of the body, there is little movement of total body water (TBW) and fluids inside the body eliminating risk factors of bathing such as the oligohidria, suggesting that bathing is a safe treatment for elderly people. 3) In the contra-lateral thermal reaction using conductive heat, the possibility of increasing the effect of raising the temperature on the surface and in deep parts on the non-bathing side was suggested.